شرح قواعد اللغة الانجليزية

الازمنة البسيطه

وتتكون من:
1_المضارع البسيط
2_الماضى البسيط
3_المستقبل البسيط


اولا: المضارع البسيطThe simple present tense

In general,the simple present expresses events or situations that exists always,usually,habitually;they exist now,have existed in the past,and probably will exist in the future
زمن المضارع البسيط يعبر عن احداث او مواقف او حقائق توجد او تحدث دائما او احيانا او عادة لنا.احداث كانت موجودة فى الماضى وهى بالفعل موجودة الان وسوف تحدث بالعادة ايضا فى المستقبل.

مثال: اشاهد التليفزيون كل يوم I watch TV everyday
هو يذهب الى المدرسة كل يوم He goes to school everyday.
It snows in winter انها تمطر فى الشتاء

فهذه حقائق او احداث تحدث فى حياتنا دائما ومعتادون عليها.
ومن الكلمات الدالة على هذا الزمن :دائما واحيانا و كل يومalways,usually,everyday ,sometimes
ويتكون باضافة ال s على الفعل مع الضمير المفرد he,she,it
اما ضمائر الجمع فتتكون من الفعل فقط
he goes to school.
it snows.
we love cake


زمن الماضى البسيط
Simple Past Tense
At one particular time in the past,this happened.It began and ended in the past

يعبر هذا الزمن عن حدث فى الماضى وانتهى اثره(شئ حدث وانتهى فى الماضى)

مثال:امطرت البارحة It snowed yesterday
(امطرت فى الماضى وانتهى المطر)

I watched television last night

يتكون هذا الزمن من التصريف الثانى للفعل

التصريف الثانى للفعل يتكون باضافة ed على الفعل
snow___________snowed
study_____________studied

ولكن بعض الافعال يكون التصريف الثانى لها شاذ
مثال:
see______________saw
drink______________drank
swim_________________swam
put_________________________put
leave__________________________left


زمن المستقبل البسيط The simple future tense

يعبر هذا الزمن عن حدث سوف يحدث فى وقت معين فى المستقبل(غداtomorrow,الشهر القادمnext month,العام التالىnext year,............)

يتكون المستقبل البسيط من (مصدر الفعل)will or shall+verb
will go
will dance
will study
shall play

ومن الكلمات الدالة عليه tomorrow,next
I shall go to Cairo next week
I will study Math tomorrow

لازمنة المستمرة The progressive (continuous)tenses

التكوين:Form:be(verb to be)+ing
Meaning: the progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time.The tenses say that an action begins before,is in progress during,and continuous after another time or action
تعبر الازمنة المستمرة عن استمرار حدوث حدث فى وقت معين(حدث مستمر فى الحدوث).فالحدث بدأ من قبل ومازال يحدث او مازال مستمرا فى الحدوث اثناء او بعد حدث اخر.

تنقسم الازمنة المستمرة الى:
1-Present progressive
2-Past progressive
3-Future progressive


1-Present progressive
يتكون من الفعل (يكون)فى التصريف الاول(مصدر الفعل)+الفعل+ing
is,am,are+verb+ing

is+swim+ing
am+study+ing
we are playing now

يعبر عن حدث يحدث ومازال مستمرا الان اثناء التحدث عنه.
هو نائم الان(كان نائما منذ قليل ومازال نائما وسيستمر فى النوم )He is sleeping right now

2-Past progressive

يتكون من فعل (يكون) فى التصريف الثانى+الفعل+ing
was,were+verb+ing
was studying
were playing
(يأتى هذا الزمن دائما مع زمن اخر وهو الماضى البسيط بمعنى(عندما حدث الحدث وانتهى كان هناك حدث اخر يحدث ومازال مستمرا فى الماضى)
He was sleeping when I arrived

كان نائما عندما وصلت.(هناك حدثين:الاول انا وصلت فى الماضى,الثانى انه كان نائما واستمر فى النوم حتى عندما وصلت)

we were studying when my cousin came.
I was playing when the accident happened.

3-Future progressive
يعبر عن حدث سيكون مستمرا فى الحدوث فى وقت معين فى المستقبل
will,shall+be+verb+ing

He will be sleeping when we arrive
سيكون نائما عندما نصل.
هناك حدثين
الاول:حدث الوصول
الثانى:سيكون نائما(هو نائم وسيستمر فى النوم عندما نأتى)
Regular and irregular verbsالافعال المنتظمة وغير المنتظمة

Regular verbs: the simple past and past participle end in -ed
الافعال المنتظمة هى الافعال التى تنتهى ب ed فى الماضى البسيط(التصريف الثانى للفعل) وفى التصريف الثالث للفعل.

Simple Form / Simple Past/ Past Participle

hope/ hoped/ hoped
stop / stopped /stopped
listen/ listened / listened
study /studied /studied
start / start / start


Irregular Verbs:The simple past and past participle do not end in -ed
الافعال الغير منتظمة هى الافعال التى لا تنتهى ب ed
الافعال الغير منتظمة تحفظ كما هى
break/ broke /broken
come/ came / come
find/ found /found
go /went / gone
hit/ hit / hit
eat / ate / eaten
swim/ swam/ swum
put/ put/ put
drive/ drove/ driven

The Perfect Tenses الازمنة التامة


Form التكوين :P.P. التصريف الثالث للفعل have+past participle
Meaning المعنى :The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before
another time or event

تنقسم الازمنة التامة الى ثلاثة ازمنة

1-Present perfect المضارع التام
2-Past perfect الماضى التام
3-Future perfect المستقبل التام

تأتى دائما هذه الازمنة بمعنى (لقد)

ويأتى معها فى الغالب الكلمات (alreadyبالفعل,ever,neverابدا)

1-Present perfect

Form:has,have+p.p.

I have already eaten (لقد اكلت بالفعل)


He has been to France.
I have studied my lessons.


2-Past perfect

Form:had+p.p
دائما يأتى هذا الزمن مع زمن اخر وهو الماضى البسيط ويعبر عن ان شئ ما قد حدث وانتهى اثره قبل حدوث حدث اخر فى الماضى

I had already eaten when they arrived
(كنت قد اكلت بالفعل عندما وصلوا)
هنا حدث الوصول فى الماضى البسيط وحدث الاكل فى الماضى التام ولقد انتهى الاكل قبل الوصول


I have already finished my homework when my father came.


3-Future perfect

Form:will,shall+have+p.p

يأتى هذا الزمن مع المضارع البسيط ليدل على ان حدث سيكون قد حدث وانتهى عندما يحدث حدث او شئ اخر

I will already have eaten when they arrive
(سأكون قد اكلت وانتهيت من اكلى عندما يصلون)

تابعونىىىىىىىىىىىى

The perfect progressive Tenses الازمنة التامة المستمرة

Form: have+been+verb+ing
Meaning: The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress
immediately before,up to,until another time or event. The tenses are used to
express the duration of the first event

تعطى هذه الازمنة فكرة او معنى استمرار حدوث شئ او حدث فى فترة معينة او قبل حدوث حدث اخر

1-Present perfect progressive المضارع التام المستمر

يعبر عن حدث مازال مستمرا لفترة معينة
يأتى هذا الزمن وحده مع وجود وقت محدد لاستمرار الفعل

I have been studying for two hours(استمرار المذاكرة لساعتين)

2-Past perfect progressive

يعبر عن حدث كان مستمر فى الحدوث قبل حدث اخر
يأتى هذا الزمن دائما مع الماضي البسيط

I had been studying for two hours before my friend came
حدث المذاكرة كان مستمر فى (الماضى التام المستمر )قبل الحدث الثانى وهو الوصول(الماضى البسيط)ن

3-future perfect progressive

يعبر عن حدث سوف يستمر فى المستقبل قبل ان يحدث شئ اخر

يأتى هذا الزمن مع المضارع البسيط
I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive
سأكون قد ذاكرت لساعتين قبل ان تصل


ملحوظة...تأتى الازمنة التامة دائما للوصف بمعنى لقد
تأتى الزمنة التامة المستمرة بنفس معنى الازمنة التامة ولكن مع وجود استمرارية لزمن او وقت معين.


لافعال الغير مستمرة Non progressive verbs


Some verbs are not progressive:they are not used in any of the progressive

tenses.These verbs describe states,they do not describe activities that are in
progress.
بعض الافعال لا يمكن ان تأخذ الشكل المستمر
example:
Ali knows this grammar.("knows" describe a mental state that exists)

Ali is reading about his grammar.("reading" is an activity in progress)

Non progressive verbs are verbs of:

1-mental state الحالة العقلية
know/realize/understand/recognize/believe/feel/suppose/think/imagine/doubt/remember

/forget/want/need/prefer/mean

2-Emotional stateالحالة العاطفية

love/like/appreciate/hate/dislike/fear/envy/mind/care

3-Possessionالامتلاك
possess/have/own/belong

4-Sense perceptionsالادراك الحسى

taste/smell/hear/feel/see

5-Other existing state بعض الحالات الوجودية الاخرى

seem/look/appear/cost/owe/weigh/exist/contain/consist of/include

some of these verbs are used in the progressive form if they have a different
meaning
يمكن لبعض هذه الافعال ان تستخدم فى الشكل المستمر اذا عبرت عن القيام بنشاط معين وليس حالة من الحالات السابقة
example:
I think he is a kind man(mental state)

I am thinking about this grammar(activity in progress)

some of these verbs may express activity as well the states mentioned above.
when these verbs express activity ,they can take the ing form

These verbs are
think,have,taste,smell,see,feel,look,appear,weigh, be

Lesson 9


Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs are followed by an object such asيتبعها مفعول به
raise,set,lay,.......,etc

example:

Tom raised his head("his head" is in object)توم رفع قبعته

I will set the book on the desk("the book" is an object)

Intransitive verbs are not followed by an object such as
rise,sit,lie

example:

The sun rises from the east(there is no object)الشمس تشرق من الشرق
الفعل لم يأتى بعده مفعول به وانما جار ومجرور

I sit in the front row-----------no object
Lesson 10

The Passive المبنى للمجهول

Form :OBJECT+ BE+past participle (p.p.)

In the passive,the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb
عند بناء الجملة للمجهول يصبح المفعول به للفعل المبنى للمعلوم هو الفاعل للفعل المبنى للمجهول

ex:
Active:Mary(subject) helps John(object).
Passive:John(subject) is helped by Mary.


Only transitive verbs are used in the passive
الافعال التى لها مفعول به فقط هى التى يمكن بنائها للمجهول
verbs like "happen,sleep,come" are not possible to use in the passive because there is no object

ex:
Active:An accident happened.(no object)
Passive:(none)

The passive is used when it is not known or not important to know who performs an action
يستخدم المبنى للمجهول عندما لا يكون الفاعل معروفا او اذا كان غير مهم معرفة الفاعل
The "by phrase"is included only if it is important to know who performs an action.

Mary helped the boy(object)
the boy (object)was helped by Mary(subject

التكوين العام له هو:المفعول به ثم فعل "يكون" فى نفس زمن الجمله الاصلية ثم
التصريف الثالث للفعل الموجود بالجملة

simple present:Mary helps John_________________John is helped by Mary
present progressive:Mary is helping John_______John is being helped by Mary
present perfect:Mary has helped John___________John has been helped .......
simple past:Mary helped John___________________John was helped ..........

past progressive:Mary was helping John_________John was being helped......
past perfect:Mary had helped John______________John had been helped........
simple future:Mary will help John______________John will be helped.....
future perfect:Mary will have helped John______John will have been helped


Lesson11

The passive form of modal verbs

Modal verbs are also called auxiliary verbs الافعال المساعدة
Modal verbs are "will,shall,must,ought to,can,would,should,could"

past of will__________would
.......shall__________should
.......can____________could
.......may____________might

The passive form:modal+be+p.p.

ex:

Tom will be invited to the party.
The window can't be opened.
Children should be taught to respect their elders.
May I be excused from the class?

Past form of passive:modal(past)+have been+p.p.

The letter should have been sent last week.كان يجب ان يُرسل الخطاب الاسبوع الماضى
This house must have been built over 20 years ago.كان يجب ان يُبنى المنزل منذ 20 سنة

تابعونى

Lesson 12

Gerunds

A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun .It is used in the same way as
a noun,as a subject or an object
اذا اضيف الى الفعلing يتحول الى اسم
ويأخذ كل وظائف الاسم
يمكن ان يعمل كفاعل او مفعول به او مفعول به لحرف جر
ex:
1-Playing tennis is fun.
Playing is a gerund It is used here as the subject of the sentence
هنا تعمل كفاعل للجملة

We enjoy playing tennis.
Playing here is the object of the sentence
هنا مفعول به

Gerund may be an object of a preposition,it is preceded by a preposition such as

about,of,to,......
هنا مفعول به لحرف جر(يسبقه حرف جر
3-He is excited about playing tennis.
Playing is an object of a preposition.

Gerunds are used as objects of certain verbs.Some verbs are followed by -ing such
as enjoy,quit,give up

بعض الافعال يأتى بعدها الفعل مضافا اليهing
4-I enjoy playing tennis.

Go is followed by a gerund to express activities.

ex:
go sailing ,go dancing, go shopping , go fishing,..........

Did you go fishing?
We went sailing yesterday.

List of verbs followed by gerunds:

admit-advise-anticipate-appreciate-avoid-complete-consider-delay-deny-discuss-

dislike-enjoy-finish-keep-recall-resist-stop-risk-suggest-understand-miss-mind-

mention-postpone-remember-regret-resent-can't help-forget.



Negative form:not precedes A gerund

للنفى يضاف قبله not
we talked about not going
Lesson 14

Infinitives


Infinitive=to+simple form of the verb
to fall(infinitive)
fall(simple form of the verb)

Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive such as
بعض الافعال يأتى بعدها الفعل فى المصدر

hope to ,promise to, seem to ,ask to ,plan to ,agree to ,appear to ,expect to

,intend to , offer to ,pretend to ,would like to ,want to ,need to ,refuse to

,decide to

تأتى بمعنى أن to

Verb+infinitive
hope to see
pretend to be

ex:
I hope to see you again.
He promised to be here by 10.

Negative form:not precedes the infinitive
النفى يسبق المصدر
not to do
not to see

He promised not to be late.

Some verbs are followed by a pro(noun) and then an infinitive
بعض الافعال يأتى بعدها اسم او ضمير ثم المصدر
Verb+pro(noun)+infinitive

tell someone to ,invite me to ,ask me to ,encourage...to, permit....to,order

...to,expect.to,would like....to


ex:
The police ordered the driver to stop.
He advised me to study well.

Sometimes an infinitive is used as a subject
يأتى المصدر احيانا كفاعل
To ride in the midst of the street is dangerous=riding in the midst..........
to ride=riding(gerund)=subject

Some adjectives are followed by infinitives such as:
بعض الصفات يتبعها المصدر
glad to,sorry to,ready to,careful to,surprised to,happy to,sad to,prepared

to,pleased to,delighted to,upset to,proud to,eager to,lucky to,astonished to,.....

Ex:
We were sorry to hear the news.
I was surprised to see him in the meeting.

Infinitive come with (to,in order to) to express purpose to answer the question
why

يأتى مصدر الفعل ليوضح السبب باستخدام الكلمات السابقة
He came here to study English.
He came here in order to .....
to=in order to

Simple form come after Verbs such as:let,help,make,have,get
بعد هذه الافعال يأتى الفعل فى الشكل البسيط وليس المصدر
Ex:
My father let me drive his car.
My brother helped me to wash my car.
I made Ali carry my suitcase.
I had.....carry .......
I got ....to carry.........
(get +infinitive)
Some movies make me cry

Lesson15
Singular and Plural

المفرد والجمع
A final -s is added to a noun to make a noun plural
تضف للمفرد لتحوله الى الجمعs
friend=singular
friends=plural

Final -es is added to words that end in -sh,-ch,-s,-x,-z
الكلمات التى تنتهى بهذه الحروف تضاف اليها
noun+es
wash----------washes
watch---------watches
class---------classes
buzz----------buzzes
box-----------boxes

For words that end in -y
قبله حرف متحرك
-If -y is preceded by a vowel,only -s is added
toy-------------toys
buy-------------buys
قبله حرف ساكن
-If -y is preceded by a consonant,the -y is changed to -i and -es is added
baby------------babies
cry-------------cries

Some nouns that end in -f simply add -s to form the plural
belief----------beliefs
chief-----------chiefs
cliff------------cliffs

Some nouns that end in -f or -fe are changed to -ves in the plural
تحول الى
f>>>>v+es
calf-------------calves
half-------------halves
knife------------knives
leaf-------------leaves
thief------------thieves

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form
بعض الاسماء لها مفرد وجمع واحد
deer/fish/means/series/sheep/species


Some nouns that end in -o add -es to form the plural
echo-----echoes
hero------heroes
----------tomatoes
----------potatoes

Some nouns that end in -o add only -s to form the plural
auto----autos
photo---photos
tattoo---tattoos

Some nouns that end in -o add either s or es to form the plural
volcano----volcanos/volcanoes
zero-------zeros/zeroes


Some nouns have irregular plural
بعض الاسماء لها جمع شاذ يحفظ كما هو

man-men
woman-women
mouse-mice
foot-feet
tooth-teeth
goose-geese
criterion-criteria


bacterium-bacteria
datum-data
medium-media

crisis-crises
basis-bases
oasis-oases
thesis-theses

كل الحروف الانجليزية ساكنة ماعدا
e-i-u-o-a

Lesson 16

Countable and non countable nouns



الاسماء التى تعد والاسماء التى لا تعد
I bought a chair.Sam bought three chairs.

Chair is a count noun.

We bought some furniture.
Furniture is non count noun.

A count noun may be preceded by a/an in the singular,and takes a final s/es in the
plural
الاسم الذى يعد يتعامل معامله المفرد والجمع
a chair/chairs
a book/books
an eye/eyes


Non countable nouns can not take a/an in the singular,and can not take s in the
plural
الاسم الذى لا يعد لا يجمع ولا يوضع قبله علامه المفرد
a furniture(wrong)
furnitures(wrong)

امثلة للاسماء التى لا تعد

Non countable nouns are:
Fluids:water,coffee,oil,soup,milk,tea
Solids:ice,bread,butter,meat,silver,wood,....
Gases:steam,air,oxygen,smoke,pollution
dust,chalk,grass,pepper,salt,sand,wheat,hair,..... .

Abstractions:
beauty,confidence,courage,enjoyment,laughter,help, happiness,sleep,advice,news,proof

,truth,wealth,information,justice,luck,music,hones ty,pride,progress,.....

Languages:English,Arabic,...
Activities:driving,studying,traveling,walking,swimming,...

Recreation:Football,baseball,volleyball,chess,tennis,...
Natural phenomena:weather,fog,hail,dew,light,sunshine,fire,rain,sno w,...

Whole groups made up of similar items:
furniture,jewelery,baggage,hardware,traffic,garbag e,mail,money,...

Expressions of Quantity may precedes a noun.Some of them are used with countable

nouns,others with noun cont nouns,some with either count or noun count nouns
هناك تعبيرات تأتى قبل الاسم الذى يعد فقط واخرى للذى لا يعد واخرى للاثنين معا
one apple
two apple
every apple
each apple
a few apples
many apples
several ...
a number of ...

other words are:most,plenty of,some,no,not any,all,.....


Non countable expressions:
تعبيرات يمكن استخدامها للاسماء التى لا تعد

a loaf of bread(right)
(a bread/breads)wrong

a drop of rain
much money
little rice
some rice
all rice
a bit of
a lot of
plenty of
I have a bit of information.
I do not have much money
Lesson 17
Subject-verb agreement
الاتفاق بين الفاعل والفعل

A subject may be a noun(Ali,a student,the book,..)or a pronoun(he ,I,we
يمكن للفاعل ان يكون اسم او ضمير
there must be an agreement between a subject and a verb in the sentence.

If the subject is singular ,the verb should be alike
يجب ان يكون الفعل موافق للفاعل,فاذا كان الفاعل مفرد يكون الفعل كذلك وهكذا
Ex:
-My friend lives in Egypt.

the subject is singular,and the verb takes (s)of the simple present tense.

-The ideas in the book are interesting.

The subject is plural ,it takes no s(simple present tense)

-He has a car/we have a car
A singular pronoun takes "has",while a plural pronoun takes" have"

Uncountable nouns are used as singular nouns
الاسماء التى لا تعد تعامل معاملة المفرد
Ex:
The news is exciting.
My money is not much.


Expressions of quantity:

Some of+singular noun+singular verb
some of+plural noun+plural verb
a lot of+singular noun+singular verb
a lot of +plural ..+plural verb
(it depends on the kind of word after the expression of quantity)

Ex:
Some of the book is good.
Some of the books are good
A lot of my friends are here.
A lot of the equipment is new.


one of/each of/every one of+plural noun+singular verb

One of my friends is here.
Each of my friends is here.

The number of students in the class is 20.(the number is the subject)
A number of students were late for class.(a number of means a lot of)

There is a book on the desk.(a book is the subject)
There are some books on the shelf.(the subject is some books)

Everyone-everybody-no one-no body-no thing-anybody-anything-someone-something-everything are all singular indefinite pronouns كلها ضمائر مفردة

Somebody left his book on the desk
Everyone has his or her ideas.
Everybody is allright.
No one is missing.

Collective nouns are like:
audience,couple,family,police,government,group,sta ff,team,crowd,class,...

When it refers to a whole singular unit,a singular pronoun and verb is used
اذا كانت تشير الى كتلة واحدة مثل العائله كلها وليس الافراد او البوليس كهيئه وليس رجال البوليس
تعتبر مفرد
My family is large.

When it refers to a collection of individuals,plural verb is used
اذا كانت تشير الى الافراد داخل المجموعة مثلا افراد العائله او البوليس(رجال البوليس

My family is loving.They are always ready to help.

Those people are from Canada.

The police have been called


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